Ukrainians in China
01.03.2017
Ukrainians in China
The emergence of the Ukrainian settlements in China
For a long time Ukrainian-Chinese relations have indirect nature and carried out within the framework of Russia's relations with China, which was launched in the first quarter of the XVII century. Ukrainians were part of the Russian embassy, ??religious and trade missions like.
A special contribution to the study of China made a Ukrainian historian and Bantysh-arheohraf M. Kamensky, Ukrainian sinologist and explorer George Tymkivskyy and others.
For a long time the imperial ambassador in Beijing was Korostovetz diplomat John, a native of Chernigov, which left several works on China. From 1819 to 1832 he worked in Beijing Ukrainian doctor, a graduate of the St. Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy Voitsekhivska Joseph, who particularly excelled in the fight against epidemics of cholera and other diseases. During the life of the Chinese in Beijing put a monument to him (1829).
At the end of the XIX century. in the Russian mission began Ukrainian larger or smaller groups arriving in the northeastern part of China - Manchuria. The beginnings of the process associated with the construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway (SSI), which, under an agreement with China, Russia paved. The possibility of good, as in the days of earnings in the construction attracted a huge mass of people there from the Russian Empire.
One of the largest number of ethnic groups were Ukrainian, who migrated from Ukraine and from other areas of the Russian Empire, including the Far East close to Manchuria Green Wedge, which most residents were immigrants from Ukraine. The largest number of Ukrainian settlers settled in Harbin.
Ukrainian public life in Manchuria
In Manchuria adjusted Ukrainian public life, which was a cultural and educational nature. It is concentrated around cultural centers and clubs, which occurred along the Chinese Eastern Railway. On the basis of one of these groups in 1907, first appeared in Manchuria Ukrainian organization - the Ukrainian club. He had an educational purpose: to awaken interest among Ukrainian citizenship for their land, promote knowledge of native history, literature, music and logistical help to its members. Its most active leaders were S. Corn, F. Totskiy, Yuri Yurchenko and others.
Ukrainian national life in Manchuria developed unevenly. By 1917 it had only cultural and educational focus and concentrated in Ukrainian club in Harbin and drama, which appeared in the Ukrainian settlements along the railway. In 1917-1921. Cultural and educational activities (opening Ukrainian elementary schools Ukrainian school, Ukrainian Orthodox parishes, the construction Ukrainian national house) combined with political (establishment and operation of the Manchurian district council and the Ukrainian Consulate in Harbin, networking and participation of Kyiv Ukrainian rallies in the Far East, etc.).
Ukrainian consulate in Harbin operated in 1918-1919. He led the AP Twardowski, who in the spring of 1918, as commander of the Ukrainian military units arrived from Harbin to Kyiv, and in the fall of that year returned, having received from the Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs the authority to represent Ukraine's interests in Manchuria. These powers recognized the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of Bolshevik Russia G. Chicherin.
After arriving in Harbin Mr. Twardowski was negotiating with representatives of the Allied command to create a Ukrainian military units in the Far East, took part in the ongoing Ukrainian public life began registration Ukrainian who wanted to receive Ukrainian citizenship and more. Activities P. Twardowski stumbled upon the hostile attitude of the Russian diplomats, many of whom worked in China during imperial times. They appealed to the Governor General D. Horvath SSI demanding arrest "pretender-Consul" and remove it from Manchuria. Before his arrest is not reached, but Mr. Twardowski had to leave Harbin.
In July 1917 in Harbin in the wake of the general rise of the national liberation struggle of nations after the overthrow of the tsarist Russia was founded Manchu County Council - the central social and political institution in Ukrainian Manchuria. It consisted of nine Ukrainian organizations and a number of groups. The organization has received from the Kyiv Ukrainian eligible for registration and issuance of certificates of their Ukrainian citizenship. In 1921, the Council ceased to exist.
In the 1920s. The number of Ukrainian in Harbin increased due to political emigrants from Ukraine, Siberia and the Far East, seeking to get in touch with the Ukrainian, who has lived in Manchuria to work together within already established organizations there. But under the influence success Bolsheviks defeated the UPR and ZUNR and collapse the Siberian government figures most Ukrainian community cooled to public work. Some Ukrainian to save jobs in the railways, their passports issued by the Soviet consulate in Harbin, some adopted Chinese citizenship.
The situation worsened unfavorable political situation and extremely unfriendly attitude of the Chinese authorities, which, given the rapprochement with Moscow in 1923, closed in Manchuria Ukrainian organization, and later even confiscated the house and property Ukrainian club. Consequently, the Ukrainian public life in Manchuria in 1920. Became faint.
However, in September and December 1925 is still out weekly "Ukrainian life." It is published in the Japanese printing to avoid censorship and control by the Chinese authorities.
In general, financial and, more generally, the social situation of a large part of Ukrainian in Manchuria was a better life for Ukrainian immigrants in most other countries. In the US and Canada Ukrainian had to adapt to orders and people that have a different culture and were generally at a higher level of social and cultural development. In Manchuria, is the first Ukrainian settlers were themselves pioneers of cultural and economic development of the region, which greatly influenced both the psychology and the relations between nations.
During the war waged by Japan in China, Soviet citizens are gradually coming back to the USSR and Russian emigrants traveled to other countries. Outside Manchuria Ukrainian community in China in 1920-1940's. Was in Shanghai, Tianjin and Qingdao.
The organized Ukrainian life in Manchuria ceased to exist in 1945 with the entry of the Soviet army, and in other parts of China - in early 1949, after the fall homindanivskoyi and establishing communist rule. Most Ukrainian in Manchuria was arrested and taken to the Soviet Union. The members of the Ukrainian community Tyantszinu, Qingdao and Shanghai were three groups evacuated to the island of Formosa (Taiwan) and the Philippines. Soon they moved from there to Australia, Argentina, Canada and the USA.
1948 was the last in the life of Ukrainians organized in China for January-March 1949, there was the evacuation of Ukrainian citizens left three groups of the Philippines (on. Samar), where they found temporary shelter for more than 7 thousand. Refugees from China. In Shanghai left at that time, about 20 Ukrainian, who for various reasons could not or did not want to go into the unknown land. They were mostly old and sick people.
Ukrainian diaspora in China
In connection with the policy of rapprochement between the USSR and China after the declaration of China (1949), part of USSR it is systematic and purposeful that revealed in studies in higher schools of Ukraine Chinese students, exchange of scientific, literary and artistic delegations from assistance to Ukraine the development of China's economy.
In 1958, Ukraine supplied equipment for the construction of nearly 100 industrial enterprises in China. 1957 in Kiev opened boarding of Chinese language learning; 1958 began corresponding specialization at Lviv University.
At the time and later translated Chinese poetry Shevchenko appeared (in 1912 in the newspaper "Daily Minsin" writer Zhou Tszozhen described the life and work of the great poet, in 1934, China's first published works of Taras Shevchenko) , Ivan Franko Ukrainian LA (first - in 1921, the second time - in 1948 - to the 35 anniversary of the death of renowned Wis?awa). 1956 China was mentioned widely 100th anniversary of the birth of Ivan Franko, 1961 - the 100th anniversary of the death of Taras Shevchenko.
During the sharp deterioration of Soviet-Chinese relations (late 1960s - mid 1980s.) In China have been translated and published work of Ivan Dziuba "Internationalism or Russification?" (1972) and a book Shelest "Our Soviet Ukraine" (1974). 1979, after a visit to China three Ukrainian scientists from the Western Diaspora - Bogdan Botsyurkova, Boris Levitsky and Peter Potichny - Chinese scientists ensuing contacts with the West Ukrainian Studies.
Since the independence of Ukraine (1991) and the establishment of Ukrainian-Chinese diplomatic relations in China substantially increased interest of Ukrainian studies. They are carried out, particularly in universities Harbin, Beijing, Nanjing, Shanghai and some academic institutions. After the break, work resumed Centre of Ukraine Uhanskoho University (established in 1960)..
Lexicography Institute Heilunhtyanhskoho University in Harbin using the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies at the University of Alberta has prepared and issued in Beijing Ukrainian-Chinese dictionary. The future plans of the university - the release of Sino-Ukrainian academic vocabulary, grammar Ukrainian language, Ukrainian language tutorial Chinese book about prominent figures of Ukrainian culture and so on.
In 1992, the first ambassador to China Ukraine was appointed Anatoly buns. At the end of the twentieth century. China's population of about 20 thousand. people of Ukrainian origin, they are completely assimilated and integrated into the social life of the country.
R. Kukharenko, correspondent
paper "Migration"
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