Ukrainian in Kazakhstan
28.04.2016
Ukrainian in Kazakhstan
Ukrainian diaspora in Kazakhstan in numbers is the largest among the Ukrainian community in the world (after the Ukrainian diaspora in the Russian Federation and the United States).
Following the Second National Census in the Republic of Kazakhstan, which took place February 25 - March 6, 2009, the total population of the country amounted to 16 million 004.8 thousand. People. Ethnic Ukrainian, which is the fourth largest ethnic group in Kazakhstan amounted to 2.1% of this amount - 333.2 thousand. People. On 1 August 2015 the total number of the population, according to the Statistics Committee of the Ministry of Economy of Kazakhstan amounted to 17 mln. 563.3 thousand. People. The number of Ukrainian in Kazakhstan, according to unofficial data, the current does not exceed 300 thousand. People (1.8%).
Ukrainians settled mainly in northern Kazakhstan. A significant percentage of them live in Karaganda, Astana, Pavlodar, Semipalatinsk Taldy-Kurgan, Shortandy and Almaty, as well as areas around these cities.
The first Ukrainian to Kazakh land considered exiled to the North Kazakhstan (Western Siberia) participants suppressed in 1768 haidamak movement known in history as "Koliivshina."
A massive Ukrainian, most residents of the Left Bank Ukraine, began to settle in Kazakhstan since the 30's. XIX century. Active formation of Ukrainian ethnic group in Kazakhstan starting from the second half of the XIX century. When there in search of free land from settlers began arriving Tauris, Ekaterinoslav, Kherson, Kharkiv, Poltava, Kyiv, Chernihiv, Volyn and Podolsk provinces. By the early twentieth century. in Kazakhstan and Central Asia moved more than 100 thousand. Ukrainian. Significantly increased Ukrainian migration movement in Kazakhstan after the Stolypin agrarian reform. The share of Ukrainian in the whole population of Kazakhstan increased from 1.9% in 1897 to 10.5% in 1917.
More Ukrainian flows increased resettlement in Kazakhstan after the construction of the railway that passed through Orenburg (1905) with a branch to the east. On this railway, as well as the Trans-Siberian Railway, Western line which (Chelyabinsk - Novosibirsk) was built at the beginning of the XX century., Massively visited Ukrainian peasants. They settled in the fertile lands of the foothills of South East Kazakhstan, near the Faithful (Alma-Ata), in the northern steppes along the Trans-Siberian Railway. Already in 1926 Ukrainian totaled 13.8% in Kazakhstan in 1939 - 10.8% of its residents. In some northern and southeastern regions of the republic Ukrainian share reached 30% -40% of the population.
In 1930 significant migration flows directed to the newly created industrial centers of Kazakhstan. With the deployment of complete collectivization began the process of forced eviction from Ukraine the so-called dispossessed farmers. During the 1930-1931 biennium. In northern and eastern parts of the Soviet Union, particularly in Kazakhstan, were deported almost 64 thousand. Ukrainian families. A significant number of Ukrainian was relocated to Kazakhstan in 1939-1940. By deportation from Western Ukraine. Since 1941 Ukraine evacuated with many factories and tens of thousands of professionals. Many of them were in Kazakhstan for permanent residence. Many Ukrainian stayed in Kazakhstan during development of virgin lands in the 1954-1960 biennium. There, they created dozens of grain farms - "Kyiv", "Poltava", "Dnipropetrovsk" and others. Unfortunately, many of them were only Ukrainian name.
In the late 20's - early 30's. In the north-western and north-eastern parts of modern Kazakhstan intensified Ukrainian national cultural life. In 1930 the Ukrainian language was translated 400 schools in Aktobe pedagogical college year one thousand trained future teachers at Kustanai Pedagogical Institute acted Ukrainian department. Ukrainian language printed books began to leave Ukrainian newspapers.
In the North Kazakhstan were large Ukrainian village: Poltavka, Nastivka, Mykhailivka, Novoukrainka, Kalinovka, Boholyubivka, Chernigovka. A characteristic feature of Ukrainian settlers in Kazakhstan was that they, especially villagers, who at the beginning of the XX century. prevailed in some areas, quite consistently resisted assimilation processes, even in the Russian-speaking environment. There have been numerous documented instances where representatives of other nations, peoples and nationalities, including Russians, were notable assimilating influences from the Ukrainian. Thus, the pre-war Kazakhstan were the best conditions for the preservation of ethnic identity Ukrainian than in most parts of Russia, including even those that are directly adjacent to Ukraine and were part of a continuous historical Ukrainian territory in the east (Voronezh, Kurschyna, Belgorod, Donschyna).
However, in the mid 30's. Ukrainization policy was phased in Kazakhstan schools in Ukrainian villages translated into Russian language teaching Ukrainian newspapers closed. In the absence of virtually any conditions for cultural development Ukrainian community in Kazakhstan gradually lost their ethnic identity.
From the second half of the 30's. Kazakhstan has become one of the main regions of the USSR for sentence and exile. Large buildings were built in the republic outback most numerous gulags prisoners, among whom also were many Ukrainian.
Overall, the share of Ukrainian in Kazakhstan postwar generally declining. At the same time decreases the number of our former compatriots who consider Ukrainian their native language. If in 1959 the share of Ukrainian who own native language made up 60.4%, 1970 - 51.4% 1979 - 41.3%, in 1989 - 36.6%. The strong assimilation processes that occurred in the areas of greatest concentration Ukrainian - in the north of Kazakhstan in the field of development of virgin and fallow lands: in 1959-1989 pp. The number of Ukrainian people there fell more than doubled.
Only since independence Ukraine and Kazakhstan has begun an active process of national and cultural revival of the Ukrainian community, which relies on the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the free development of cultures and ethnic groups of the country.
Despite all the difficulties and hardships, first registered Ukrainian cultural center of Kazakhstan became the National Cultural Centre in the city. Almaty (founded. 1989). At its base are: Sunday school, Ukrainian choir, dance ensemble "Chuck."
Ukrainian NGOs in Kazakhstan unites Association "Ukrainians of Kazakhstan", which included being over 10 cultural centers and societies six creative teams, Ukrainian Gymnasium in Astana Ukrainian school library.
When the Society of Ukrainian Culture in. Pavlodar are 2 classes of Ukrainian branches in Scherbatynskomu and Pavlodar regions, Ukrainian choir, youth choir, chorus spiritual songs, vocal group. The initiator of the Pavlodar Ukrainian society Culture. Shevchenko and since then its permanent chairman Michael Parypsa, earned good reputation not only in Kazakhstan but also in Ukraine. No wonder President Nursultan Nazarbayev awarded his diploma Assembly of nations of Kazakhstan.
Based on the Association of Ukrainian culture. Semipalatinsk are: Sunday school ensemble "Dawn", vocal-instrumental ensemble. Karaganda Oblast Association of Ukrainian "Native word" united under one roof Sunday school, national embroidery workshop, choir veterans vocal ensemble.
Ukrainian cultural center Pivnichnokazahstanskoyi region with leading Ukrainian organizations in the US, Canada, Russia and Ukraine, including Ukrainian Congress Committee of America, the Center for Humanitarian Cooperation of the Ukrainian diaspora in the beautiful ancient city and others.
The key event in the life of Kazakhstan began in 1994, when published the first issue of national Ukrainian weekly "Ukrainian News" (c. Astana), and its first editor and organizer edition became Doctor of Philology A. Harkavets. He, on behalf of the then Ukrainian capital (city of Almaty), requested the President Nazarbayev to allocate funds to build Ukrainian publications in Kazakhstan.
Today in Kazakhstan there are 14 Sunday schools, more than three dozen songs and dance performances, a journal of the national scale, the classes of Ukrainian language and literature in schools. However, another problem arises. Enhanced assimilation processes among Ukrainian immigrants third and fourth waves do not allow enough students to provide educational institutions. Parents prefer Russian institutions and targeting children in learning foreign languages, thereby suppressing the national mentality their descendants. If this trend continues, a whole generation will be lost to Ukrainian Ukraine forever.
Most Kazakh Ukrainian Christians, their religious needs they satisfy mainly in parishes Kazakhstan Orthodox Church Moscow Patriarchate and the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. Parish Church are in Astana, Karaganda and Pavlodar, and in the city. Satpayev town of Karaganda region and Pavlodar region Shyderty.
Ambassador of Ukraine in Kazakhstan Vasily buckets, giving interviews Taras Chernega (newspaper "Ukrainian News") noted that the Ukrainian living in Kazakhstan as well as the Kazakhs and other peoples. They are revered for diligence, true nature, cheerful disposition. For 300,000th Ukrainian Diaspora of Kazakhstan is home, but many Diaspora does not break relations with Ukraine.
The last few years the Ukrainian labor market there is a new trend - Ukrainian began to go to work in the eastern countries. In terms of involved top managers from our country became Kazakhstan. The fact that the Kazakh economy, which is growing rapidly, lack of professional staff. However, do not entertain illusions: there just waiting for highly qualified specialists in specific fields. The greatest demand is for specialists such as engineers, senior managers, builders, engineers, IT specialists, sales managers, silhozpratsivnyky, doctors, workers.
The procedure is quite complicated job. In order to officially hire a foreigner in Kazakhstan must have a permit to attract foreign labor and the certificate of registration of temporary residence in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
R. Kukharenko,
correspondent of the newspaper "Migration"
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