John Vyhovsky - from the secretary general to Hetman
01.07.2016
John Vyhovsky - from the secretary general to Hetman
John Ostapovych Vyhovsky came from the Ukrainian Orthodox nobility. And many of its representatives, in the service of the Commonwealth, not forgetting their native language and faith. His youth he studied at the Kiev Academy, served in the army, Crown, and later held the position of sergeant Lutsk starostvo.
In the years 1638-1648 Captain John Vyhovsky held the position of clerk of the Commissioner of the Commonwealth at the Cossack Army.
In the spring of 1648 Vyhovsky was in the squad and Stefan Potocki at Yellow Waters was captured by the Tatars. Bogdan Khmelnitsky bought it and took his service, because the army lacked educated people. Soon he became general secretary of the Cossack Army not only headed the hetman's office, but made his position a key point of government where all the threads come together domestic and foreign policy. Prepared "Register of Cossack Army 1648-1650 years."
According to John Krypiakevych John Vyhovsky was "right hand, advisor and deputy hetman old, had a strong influence on Khmelnitsky, not just hamuvav it too sharp protrusions and intermediary between him and the officers." In addition, he was able to intermarry with family hetman marrying his brother Daniel and daughter Katherine Khmelnytsky.
Dying, the old hetman elders secured a promise that his successor will be Yuri Khmelnitsky Hetman son but did not meet such a high role. In addition, the Cossack officers did not want to post the hetman became hereditary. Therefore, 5 September 1657 on Cossack council in the new Chyhyryn was elected hetman Ivan Vyhovsky.
Vyhovsky continued dying thoughts of the deceased hetman of weakening ties with Moscow and an alliance of Western states - Sweden, Transylvania and replace Moscow protectorate otherwise. At the same time new hetman tried to end the anarchy that arose in Ukraine and a leading stratum of educated, wealthy enough that would national consciousness, care of public interests. Vyhovsky would strengthen its gentry elements that would, along with wealthy Cossacks formed a new national elite, which have relied state.
It's certainly not like it all. The dissatisfaction of the lower classes used in the power struggle Poltava colonel Martyn Pushkar and Cossack basket Jacob Barabash, inspiruvavshy uprising against Hetman. Moscow is consistently pursued policies aimed at weakening the Hetman's power to persuade her to more concessions and limit the autonomy of Ukraine. By the autumn of 1658 failed to quell the rebellion Vyhovskyresults Pushkar, but fratricidal fighting killed thousands of Ukrainian.
Ivan Vyhovsky achieved some success in foreign policy, where the associate was hetman Yuri Nemyrych. Actually Nemyrych was a theorist transformation Cossack and Orthodox statist orientation. Now you can create your own Rus principalities of Ukrainian in Europe began to speak of the nation.
The legal basis of the new state was to be agreement with Poland, signed September 16, 1658 in Gadyach. According to this dual Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was to receive a third independent entity - n principalities composed of Kiev, Chernigov and Bratslav provinces with independent financial, military and judicial authorities. Unlike Pereyaslavsky contract, which was introduced in Ukraine Moscow garrison, Polish troops were not freely enter the Dnieper. However, Poles have agreed to extend the agreement to other Ukrainian lands - Volyn, Podolia and Galicia. Since it was necessary to have a free hand in dealing with the main competitor - Moscow Vyhovsky Hadiach went to sign the agreement that was never implemented.
An Independent Policy Vyhovsky alarmed the tsarist government. First, Moscow has promised to make concessions, to withdraw their garrisons from Kyiv and other Ukrainian cities. However, when approached to Kyiv Cossacks led by Hetman Danylo brother, the governor Vasily Sheryemyetyev suddenly fell upon him. Along with the north in Ukrainian land became host governor Grigory Romodanovsky, who tried to Lokhvytsia.
In January 1659 departed from Moscow 150,000th army led by Prince Aleksey Trubetskoy. In early May this army under Konotop came and besieged its garrison, commanded by Colonel Gregory Hulyanytskyy Nijinsky. Cossacks bravely defended against numerous enemies over 70 days and wait for reinforcements.
After inspecting the area, Hetman decided that it is appropriate for the battlefield. Here he intended to lure Moscow army and give him a fight. Right Vyhovsky set Tartar hordes. Cossacks commanded by Stephen Hulyanytskoho placed on a broad meadow in a closed place. Hetman himself took a small Cossack detachment and of hordes crossed the river ford Sosnivka and June 27 from the rear to hit the army that besieged Konotop. He was going after an attack allegedly resort to escape and thus force the army to keep up with the Moscow Cossack and Tartar detachment and bring it to the place where the main refuge Cossack forces.
However, after hitting Vyhovsky among enemy troops occurred panic, they fled, and the Cossacks - to pursue them. But then the governor saw that Vyhovsky army ten times less than they themselves took off the Cossacks, who, as ordered hetman fled and crossed the river Sosnivka.
The next day Pozharsky morning of the 30-thousandth army crossed the river. The rest of Moscow's forces remained in Konotop. Pozharsky began to prepare his men for battle, ordered to install cannon. At this time five thousand Cossack detachment headed by Stepan Hulyanytskym dug unnoticed by the enemy trench, moving to the bridge, which had just passed Muscovite army. Vyhovsky his troops attacked and Pozharsky under enemy fire immediately went back again using false maneuver escape. Moscow's troops rushed to him and thus were far from the bridge. Hulyanytskoho Cossacks, who now found themselves behind Moscow's troops cut down the bridge and the river zahatyly him, adding cut grass and reeds, willow twigs and chopped. The river overflowed the entire bow.
Pozharsky saw a Cossack, turned back. Then Vyhovsky already started to pursue it. Here, a trumpet and a whistle, like a whirlwind, flew horde attacking army Pozharsky from the left to the right Vyhovsky attacked. Pozharsky and his army went back to the river, but there was no progress. Guns and horses povhruzaly in the mud. Trying to escape on foot, too, was unsuccessful. 30 thousand royal soldiers lay dead body. Troubetzkoy with the rest of the troops hurried retreat from Konotop. Reflecting on the attacks of Cossacks and Tatars that it persecuted, he came to Putivl.
"Blossom Moscow cavalry, which made happy hiking 54th and 55th years, perished in one day; prisoners winners got five thousand; Accident brought to the open space and cut like sheep, as agreed between them allies - the Crimean Khan and Cossack Hetman! Never Moscow after that the king was not able to bring in such a strong field militia. Mourning dress went to Alexey people, and fear fell upon Moscow ... After receiving so many cities, after taking the capital of Lithuania tsarstvuyuchyy hail zatryassya for his safety: in August, people of all ranks by sovereign decree hurried to the excavation work to strengthen Moscow " - wrote about the events of summer 1659 Moscow nineteenth century historian Sergei Solovyov.
But actually won the battle remained inconclusive. Ivan Sirko Cossacks attacked from the Crimea, forcing the Tatars Vyhovsky leave and return home. The Poles were in no hurry to provide substantial support for Ukraine, pryslavshy to help Vyhovskyresults only 1500 soldiers.
Moscow agents managed to extend hostility among Hetman elders, promising her new privileges. Hetman officers acted against the opposition, which created a pro-Moscow minded colonels Bezpaly, Tsyutsyura and Zolotarenko. The rebels used the Yuri Khmelnitsky around which began to unite the opposition. Seeing the decline of their plans and not wanting to incite hatred, John Vyhovsky in October 1659 voluntarily made mace, was elected hetman Yuri Khmelnitsky, who was forced October 27, 1659 to sign new pereyaslav articles that significantly limited the rights of the hetman and Ukraine as a part of the Moscow State .
Vyhovsky John himself, being a senator and Kievpalatine moved to Galicia to his estate Ore. He continued to Ukrainian affairs, in particular entered the Lviv Orthodox Brotherhood.
Enraged another failure of his campaign in Ukraine Poles were shot without trial of John Vyhovsky March 16, 1664. According to legend, buried Vyhovsky in "Grand Monastery by at Rudky Hnizdychovoyi." So it is possible that it was under the old oak tree in the village of Rudy ashes hetman.
R. Kukharenko,
correspondent of the newspaper "Migration"
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