Vladimir Antonovich - historian, archaeologist, ethnographer
31.07.2017
Vladimir Antonovich - historian, archaeologist, ethnographer
Volodymyr Antonovych was the organizer and inspirer of the first all-Ukrainian socio-cultural movement with the center in Kyiv. In addition, he is the founder and patriarch of the Ukrainian historical school, from which a number of well-known scholars came out.
Vladimir Bonifatiyovich Antonovich was born January 30, 1834 in a landless noble family in the town of Makhnivka in Vinnitsa region.
He graduated from the Second Odesa Gymnasium and Medical Faculty of St. Volodymyr's University of Kyiv. Almost a year practiced in Chernobyl and Berdichev. After earning money, he continued his studies at the Faculty of History and Philology (1856). From 1860 he worked at the First Kyiv Gymnasium, and in 1863-1880 he was in the office of the Governor-General, where he distanced and published ancient city acts.
And she was young, and at a mature age Antonovich stood in the liberal democratic, cultural and educational positions. However, in the second half of the 1950's, after the death of Nicholas I, in the atmosphere of anticipation of important mood reforms, especially among students, they quickly radicalized. Not only in St. Petersburg and Moscow, but also in Kharkiv and Kiev at the turn of the 50-60s of the XIX century. Began to arise groups of young revolutionaries. The ideology of Populism was formed - a rather amorphous and multisectoral socio-political course of socialist nature. Noble children began to feel "collective guilt" of their state, and even families, for the oppression of the people, which was understood primarily by the peasantry. Some people from the right bank of the nobility (from which came and Antonovich) is superimposed on the issue of national identity associated with the knowledge of their ancestors opolyachenym against the Ukrainians that "betrayed" his people.
In such an ideological atmosphere, a movement emerges among the students of Kyiv University, which took away the disparaging meaning of "hapomancy" from its opponents.
Particularly negative to him were the Polish circles of Kiev, who joined the All-Poles national movement and sought to bring in their own side a polonized Ukrainian nobility.
The emergence of an independent Ukrainian movement was perceived by the Polish radicals as a split on the general anti-imperial front of noble families of the former Commonwealth.
In this complex situation, the eve of the Polish uprising, which broke out in January 1863, Kiev became the leader A. "hlopomaniv" - mostly students of Ukrainian origin, who had several generations of Polish-ancestors. They, often going into an open conflict with their Polish friends, declared themselves Ukrainians and determined the purpose of the work for the benefit of the common people. Antonovich's associates were primarily K.Mihalchuk, P. Zhitetsky and T. Rylsky (in the future - the father of the prominent Ukrainian poet Maxim Rylsky). In 1861 this youth was founded by the cultural community "Kyiv community".
Among her first activists were P. Chubinsky (author of the words of the contemporary anthem of Ukraine), O. Stoyanov, V. Torsky, V. Zynogub, B. Poznansky. The influence of the townspeople in the city grew rapidly, and in 1862 this movement already numbered more than 200 members. In late 1861 initiated and edited Antonovich came two numbers handwritten newspaper "Community", which led to trouble: police began to pursue her clerks, not without reason, accusing them of anti-government sentiments. From subsequent issues had to be discarded.
Subsequently, the "community" arose even in many cities: Chernihiv, Kharkiv, Odessa, and others. There was also intensified cultural and educational activities: folk schools were opened, Ukrainian books were published, especially textbooks for folk schools (starting from the compilation by T. Shevchenko "Letters" and "Grammar" by P. Kulish).
Unlike the radical youth of Russian cities, the communists were not characterized by the categorical materialism and revolutionary zeal of M. Chernyshevsky or militant atheism and the nihilism of D. Pisarev. However, to the orders of tsarist Russia, they were very critical, condemned the autocratic-bureaucratic system, recognizing the ideals of constitutionalism, parliamentarism and federalism.
In 1860, the city swept the first large wave of searches and arrests of activists of the democratic movement. The gendarmes removed the forbidden books. The repression continued in subsequent years. But in the early 1960s, the tsarist government was worried not so much "squabble" as the spread of the Polish revolutionary movement, which became the eastern center of Kiev.
The arrests of Polish radicals, which began to crumble with the start of the uprising in January 1863, shocked the moderate Ukrainophile public of the city.
The fears that, according to the Polish example, the Ukrainian cultural and educational movement can acquire anti-government political forms, led to a tragic fact: on July 18, 1863, the infamous Valuev circular was issued - the secret order of the Russian government to ban the printing of literature in Ukrainian. This senseless act eventually turned against the empire because it pushed away from it the patriotic Ukrainian intelligentsia, which still felt the threat to the development of national culture more from the Polish than from the Russian side.
The reaction, which intensified during the Polish uprising, made impossible the effective cult study of "communities" in Ukrainian cities. This led to the crisis of movement, its restructuring and change of priorities in work. Difficulties with the publication of the Ukrainian language pushed the Kyivan intellectuals to seek the opportunity to print works abroad - first of all in Lviv, where the Austrian authorities did not make any resistance to the development of national cultures. The consequence of this from the 1870s was the rapprochement between the democratic circles of Galicia and the Dnieper-Sloboda Ukraine.
At the end of the university Antonovich taught at secondary schools in Kyiv. At the same time, under the influence of Maximovich, his scientific leader, he focuses on research on Ukrainian history. Becoming an employee of the Kiev Archeographical Commission, Volodymyr Bonifatiyovych began to study archival materials and long-standing acts in detail. By this he was engaged in all the further life.
After his defense in 1870, his master's thesis "The Last Days of the Cossacks on the Right Bank of the Dnieper" Antonovich became Associate Professor of Kyiv University. Doctoral dissertation "Essay on the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to death in. Book Olgerd "gave him the opportunity to head the department of history in 1878, and subsequently become a professor and hold the post of dean of the Faculty of History and Philology at the same university. Almost two decades (1863-1882) he was the editor-in-chief of the editions of the Kyiv Archeographical Commission, whose activities played a leading role.
The scrupulousness and efficiency of the scientist are impressive. The basis of his historical work (in addition to the dissertation papers and numerous popular scientific publications) include: "The study of the Cossacks ..." (1863), "On the Origin of the Noble Kinds of Southwest Russia" (1867), "On the Cities in the South -Western Russia in the Acts of 1432-1798 "(1870)," On the Peasants in Southwest Russia in the Acts of 1770-1798 "(1870)," On the Industry of the South-Western Territory in the 18th Century "(1874)," On Union and the state of the Orthodox Church from the second half of the XVII century to the end of the XVIII century "(1871)," On the Haidamachin "(1876).
The "Old Community" has launched scientific, literary, artistic and educational work, keeping in touch with the native in spirit the Ukrainian "communities" of other cities (Chernigov, Poltava, Kharkiv, Odesa, St. Petersburg), but stayed away from political actions and ties The Russian revolutionary-populist movement, which, gaining strength during the 1870s, initiated on March 1, 1881, the murder of Alexander II, who had already decided to introduce a constitutional monarchy in Russia. In conditions of intensification of the reaction to engage in social work became increasingly difficult.
The ancient mass gathering rallied around the monthly magazine "Kievan old man", founded in 1882 (published until 1906, when it was based on the Ukrainian-language magazine "Ukraine") with the financial support of patrons G. Galagan and V. Symirenko.
At that time Antonovich's ideological and ideological positions are finally determined, his general view of the historical process. In the sense of history, in his opinion, there is not the development of state structures, the more so not political peripetium, but the popular life in all the diversity of socio-cultural manifestations. Antonovich continued the direction initiated by M. Kostomarov. The task of the historian, he considered the study of the life of the people in its development, with a special attention to the key points in the path of evolution. He emphasized the originality of the historical path, the social and cultural forms of the Ukrainian people.
In the last period of his life Antonovich has paid more attention to archaeological research of the Right Bank. Activities in this field are summarized in the works "Excavations in the lands of the Drevlyans" (1893), "Archaeological map of the Kiev province" (1895) and "Archaeological map of the Volyn province" (1902). From his initiative at the University of Kyiv, model archeological and numismatic rooms were created. Unlike many of the archaeologists of the time, he looked at excavation materials primarily as a source of historical reconstruction: the restoration of the economy, lifestyle and the way of life of the ancient epochs. It was Antonovich who initiated in his homeland the tradition of historical reconstruction of antiquity, based on the synthesis, complementary writing, archaeological and anthropological materials.
By the end of the scientific career, Antonovich's achievements were fully recognized. He was elected a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The last years of his life, the scientist worked in the Vatican archive, where he found many materials on the history of Ukraine.
The great merit of Antonovich is to cultivate the cohort of prominent Ukrainian historians. Among his many students, we see: M. Hrushevsky, D. Bagalii, P. Golubovsky, M. Dovnar-Zapolsky, as well as the son of Vladimir Borisovich Dmytro Antonovich - art historian and culturologist, as well as the politics of the pre-revolutionary and revolutionary times. His talent of the scientist was fully revealed already in exile, in Prague.
Antonovich and his students laid a powerful scientific foundation for all the best that was created by Ukrainian historical science until the 1930s. Antonovich himself participated in almost all of the significant socio-cultural initiatives and projects of the then Kyiv, many published in urban magazines.
Historian Vladimir Antonovich died March 8 (21), 1908, buried in Kiev at Baykovoye cemetery.
R. Kukharenko, vlastor
The newspaper "Migration"
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