Ivan Gonchar is an artist and collector of works of Ukrainian folk art
30.06.2017
Ivan Gonchar is an artist and collector of works of Ukrainian folk art
Ivan Honchar is an outstanding personality, artist and ascetic of Ukrainian culture. And yet - one of the ideological inspirations of the Ukrainian revival of the 1960s, the confrontation of the 1970s, the inevitable changes of the 1980s and the mighty national waves of the early 1990s. He was the true source of life and destiny of Ukraine in the turbulent 20th century, which has already become a history, a ground for the future of Ukraine.
Ivan Makarovich Gonchar was born in 1911 in the village of Lipyanka (now the Shpola district of Cherkasy region) in a large family. From childhood he studied, drew, cut from wood and paper.
"In 1927 I graduated from the Lipyan seminary labor school. Teachers insisted that I go to the art school. And my parents were afraid to let me go far away, knowing my uneasy luck that brought me a lot of shame. Even young I turned over a pot of boiling water, fell from a barn, where I climbed the sparrows, and I was watered. And still drowned in a cobbler, and I was barely wandering, and once on a racetrack fell from horse to harrow. I was not allowed to go anywhere after that. I became brutal and closed, "Ivan Khonchar wrote in his autobiography.
In 1927 musician and folklorist Maxim Korostash arrived in his village, who, having learned about a talented boy, took him under his care, helped to enter the Kyiv art-industrial school and settled in his apartment on Gogolivska Street. In the house of Korostash, Ivan Gonchar met with musicologist Clement Kvitka, Lesya Ukrainka's husband, and Olena Pchilka, mother of poet.
Gonchar received two diplomas - a sculptor and an agronomist - and chose art. The first independent work of Ivan Gonchar, exhibited at the exhibition "Flowering Socialist Ukraine", is the sculpture "David Guramishvili". As a painter and a sculptor he created a whole gallery of portraits of mostly Ukrainian cultural figures - for museums, commissioned by the central and local authorities: Natalia Uzhvy, Ivan Franko, Lesia Ukrainka, Vladimir Sosyury, Stepan Vasilchenko, Maxim Gorky, Boris Hmyry, Taras Shevchenko, Monument to Kateryna Bilokur in the village Bogdanovka, Tombstone Pavel Grabovsky in Tobolsk, monument to Stepan Rudansky, monument to Grigory Skovoroda, bust of Ivan Kotlyarevsky for the Memorial House-museum of the writer in Poltava. As well as portraits of historical heroes, leaders of labor.
Ivan Gonchar fought on the fronts of the Second World War, and from May 1945, together with the artists of the Central Army Group, he worked at the Vienna Academy of Arts, where he created several sculptural compositions on military topics. Preserved more than 200 watercolors, sketches, artist sketches made during the war.
In the summer of 1946 he married a girl from his village Yaryna Kostenko, the marriage lasted about a year. As recall his friends, the sculptor did not like to mention this.
His close friend and companion of life was Adel Petrovna Yurchenko - a native worker who lived in the house of Gonchar more than 30 years (he survived for half a year).
Without formally having a family, Ivan Honchar adopted Peter, the son of his own brother. Currently, Petro Honchar is an artist, director of the Ivan Gonchar Museum.
Ivan Gonchar participated in the formation of the Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments; Designed graphic-art albums, which featured architectural monuments and historical landscapes of Ukraine, folk costumes from different regions, samples of folk art such as embroidery, carpet weaving, weaving, warping; Created the 18-volume historical and ethnographic artistic album "Ukraine and Ukrainians", organized on the basis of photo materials of the beginning of the 20th century, historical and ethnographic information.
The artist traveled to the expedition, studied regional studies, collected samples of folk art, old books, family archives - in fact saved them from destruction and non-existence.
Ivan Honchar collected a large collection of ethnographic materials, works of folk art; Created the first in the Ukrainian SSR a private museum, which erected in his own house, erected on a dedicated Union of artists of the land - not far from the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra.
The museum became the meeting place of intellectuals, artists, ethnographic and artistic laboratory of Ivan Gonchar himself. He collected exhibits for the museum during improvised expeditions to Ukraine. Already in the late 1960's, the collection numbered more than 7,000 first-class exhibits, including icons, jewelry, folk instruments, folk costumes, wooden sculptures, musical instruments, toys, metalware, ceramics, naive painting, carpets, woven and embroidered Things A separate collection of collections is made up of 20 thousand archival photos from different regions of Ukraine.
Ivan Honchar himself wrote in his diary: "I will come from the city to my hut-museum - and as if I will come from a foreign country to my native land. Khreschatyk battles, brings out the streets and institutions of gray Kiev to someone else's, albeit in the neighboring language, and my hut rings in my native language, a native song. Everywhere in the city are lying against my people, they spit on him in the soul, insult him, despise, hypocrite and bury him. And in my house, my holy truth, the passionate heart of the people, his warm spirit, which envelops our exhausted souls. "
The museum was Is open for general review in 1959. Soon he became one of the most visited in Kyiv. Here were the sixties, the foreign guests came here. Even state-owned tourist organizations secretly drove foreigners to him. The guests helped to deal with exhibits - they translated paper and wiped dishes, dismantled photo archives, cleaned clothes, and dried wood products. However, the museum workers say - some of the exhibits could not be saved as it should. With the growing popularity of Gonchar, as a collector, pressure on him began to increase. Peter Honchar (adoptive son) recalls that already in the late 1960's there were the first threats - along with verbal attacks, they resorted to concrete actions: one day they set fire to the door, and then the workshop burned down in the courtyard. The solemn activity of Ivan Gonchar caused an outrage at the first secretary of the Communist Party Central Committee, Peter Shelest. The collection of unique ethnographic exhibits collected by him was not inferior in value to assemblies of a number of leading state museums. Peter Shelest was concerned about the fact that "a private collection of Ukrainian folk art in the sculptor I. Honchar's house is systematically visited by representatives of various regions of the republic, including nationalistic elements that use their presence there for the ideological influence on visitors." In 1968, Shelest supported a series of measures of the KGB of the UkrSSR, which was intended to force Gonchar to transfer the collected antiquities to state museums. After discovering in a year that the Museum of I. Honchar continues to exist, Shelest accused the secret service of inactivity. In 1972, I. Gonchar, after a series of warnings, was expelled from the party "for failure to comply with the decision of the bureau of the Pechersk district committee of the Communist Party, for propaganda of the anti-party views on the national question" at the same time Transfer the collection to state museums. The issue of depriving him of the rank of Honored Artist of the USSR was violated. This event was a big blow to the artist. Losing a party ticket meant to get rid of the job, because then everything was done through the state order. "He could be planted, but there were no compelling reasons: he did not fight with the authorities, he correctly quoted Lenin's views on the development of the nation," Petro Honchar recalls. - Of course, it was provoked: sent people who asked to sell for the currency of antiquity. And if he sold it, that would be an excuse. In addition, he was so influential in his education as he knew abroad. "On the basis of his collection, I.Honchar wrote an album" Ukraine and Ukrainians ", in which a certain region illustrated pictures of typical local inhabitants, sketches of churches and dwellings, patterns of embroidery , Weaving, pottery. All this was accompanied by signatures made by calligraphic handwriting. From this work 18 volumes of unique data were formed. In August 1973, according to the decision of the Kyiv bureau of the regional committee of the CPU, it was forbidden to show the film Sonata about the artist dedicated to I. Honchar (directed by V. Shkurin). In 1993, Ivan Gonchar died of leukemia in a hospital in Theophany. Buried in Kiev at Baykovoye Cemetery, near the graves of Ivan Svitlychny and Ivan Mykolaychuk. In the same year, the President of Ukraine issued a museum named after him. Today it is the National Center for Folk Culture "Ivan Gonchar Museum." Considering the many years of petition, the museum was given a separate house - the former office of the Governor-General, an architectural monument of the XVIII-XIX centuries. The National Center for Folk Culture "Ivan Gonchar Museum" has significant achievements. In the development of a number of scientific and practical problems, tested, in particular, at five international scientific conferences - Goncharovsky readings (1994-2000). The main directions of scientific and educational work of the museum include integrated folklore and ethnographic expeditions, artistic exhibitions (including abroad), international cooperation in the field of museology. Here numerous cultural and artistic events are held: exhibitions, folk holidays, creative and musical evenings, lectures. Scientific staff of the museum take part in national and international conferences. The museum provides scientific and methodological assistance to the centers of folk culture, individual researchers, educational and educational institutions. Here the folk studio "God Blessed" works systematically, where children of all ages study and play on the stage Ukrainian folk songs, amusements, ancient rituals and customs. And still there are studios of folk dance and folk songs, master classes on different types of folk art are held. The museum provides advice on Ukrainian traditional culture, popular science films are created here, and workshops on folk art are organized. There is a studio of Ukrainian folk embroidery, whose members master more than 150 different techniques.
Kukharenko, vikorsor of the newspaper "Migration"
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