The current state and problems migration of Ukraine
30.07.2014
The current state and problems migration of Ukraine
HelenaMalinowska,
Ph.D.in Public Administration,
Chief Scientistof the National Institutefor Strategic Studies
Kyiv
The democratizationof public lifeafter independence, Ukrainehas openedfor citizensstillheld bythe regimewithin national borders, the outer world.However, theacquisition of the rightto free movementcoincidedin time with thedeep structuraltransformation of the economy, accompanied by fallingliving standards,risingunemployment andunderemployment.As a result ofdegradation offree education andmedicalfeesforthese serviceslaypublic.In the absenceof developedcapital marketsand consumerloans toindividuals whowantedto starta business,start-up capitalneeded. The transitionto a market economyhas created a newconsumerdemand for suchproductsasthe high cost ofhousing, automobiles, appliances, and more. Thishas stimulatedlabor migration, which at the end ofthe 1990shas become amass phenomenonand a sourceof income formany families.Increaseits sizealso contributed tothe factthat the population ofUkrainezaluchylosyainternationalmigration processesduring theirglobalintensification.The demand forforeign laborgrew rapidlyboth in the Westand in the Eastfrom the Ukrainian border, especially in the EUand Russia.
At the initialstage oflabor migrationabroadwasmainlya formof trips toneighboring countriesfor trade. The so-called"boat", ie smalltraderswhoowncarryingsmall consignments, earned on the differencein prices andexchange rates.However, theexperiencegained by themsetfacilitatedthe entry of Ukrainiancitizens ininternational, particularly European labor market.
According tointermediary firmsemploymentabroad,the volume oftheirservicesto citizens of Ukraineare increasing.In 1996,a foreignemployerwere employed11.8thousandcitizens, andin 2008 -80 thousand, almost sevenand a halftimes more.In 2009crisis, the number of employeddecreasedonly slightly-75.3thousand,but alreadyin 2010reachedpre-crisis level-80,4thousand people,gradually increasedin subsequent years(Fig.1).
These figures, however, evensomenot reflectthe scaleof working abroadas much of themigrantsworking abroadat their ownrisk andnot statisticallyrecorded.Therefore,the volume ofmigrationdeterminedusingestimates, based on differentsurveys.
The firstlarge-scalesurveyconducted bythe State Statistics Committee, 2001, seized18million peopleof working agein 8regions ofUkraineandmade ??it possible toestimate theamount ofthe thenall-temporary labor migrationin2,3-2,7million,or 10% of the working population.
This generallycoincidewith the estimatesformedby the Ministry ofForeign Affairsfromthe Embassy ofUkraineabroad, according to which migrant workersoutside the statewereup2.5 millionpeople.Simultaneousassessmentof the Ministry ofSocial Policy ofUkraine, based on labor market analysishelped todetermine the amount ofmigrationat about 3million people.
In 2008, theState Statistics Committee ofUkrainewere interviewed22 thousandhouseholds, among which there were48 thousandable-bodiedpeoplethroughoutUkraine. We foundthat duringthe threeyears prior to thesurvey,ie2005-2008,to work abroadat least oncetraveled1.5 millionUkrainian, or 5.1% of the working population.The data, therefore, were less thanthe above, since the testis notcoveredpersonwho wentto work abroaduntil 2005and during2005-2008inUkrainewas neverreturned, except external labor migrationUkrainian, reaching a peakin the early2000s, in the yearswhen the economyhas successfully developedsomewhatreduced.
This confirmedthe secondnationalsurveyof labor migrationconductedby the StateStatistics Service ofUkrainein 2012According to the results, the number of people aged15-70, who on January 1,2010 toJune 17, 2012were workingorlooking for workabroadwas1.2million, or3.4% of the population of age.Amongthe working age populationshare of labor migrantstotaled4.1%.
However,the testis notcovered bythe personwholeft the countryuntil 2010and since then hasnotreturned toUkraine. Therecould notbe covered bythe surveyhousehold members wholeftin full forceabroad.That is, theactual amount oflabor migration fromUkrainelarger thanindicatedtest.
The assessment ofthe volume ofmigrationcan not be seenin isolation from theissueof datacompleteness andprobabilityUkrainianemigrationstatisticsin general, and the definition ofmigration.The factthat the statemigrationstatisticsare essentiallystatisticsresidence registration. Hence,if a personwhen going abroadis notweighedregistration inUkraine, asstatisticallyAuthentication Loginimmigrantshewould not.
On the other hand, it is important to clearly definewho weconsidered to bemigrant workers.Assumingthesepeoplewho leftUkrainewith laborpurposesofregistrationin the countrywent up, but living abroadformore than 10years,alongwith seasonalworkersandpendulummigrantpopulationmay reach4.5millionIf theclassifysuch personsasimmigrantswho are residentoutside thestate, thenumberof migrant workers, ie peoplewho are employedabroad, but not brokenclose tieswith their homelandto be significantlylower.
In anycase,the statisticsaredatafrom sample surveysprovide informationon trendsovermigration processesand theirstructure thanquantitativedata.
In particular, despite the discrepancieson the numberof migrant workers,the sourcesare unanimousthatthe most commonmodel ofUkrainianlabor migrationisshort-term, circular. The averagelength of stayabroad,according to a surveyin 2012,is fivemonths,the average frequency ofvisits- threefor 2.5yearsfollow-up.Shortcirculartripsundertakenprimarilyto neighboringcountries - Poland, Russia, Belarus, Hungary, Czech Republic.Length of stayin other countriesnaturallyhigher.
Despite somefluctuations,remainedthe sameas the distributionof migrantsby region ofrelease: 70% of them are recruitedfromeightinhabitantsof the western regions. In the West,Ukraineparticipating inmigranttrips abroad10.8% of the population aged 15-70. The shareof migrantsin Southrehoinukrayeny- 1.9% in the North- 1.3%, and in the Centre andEast -1%.
Most migrants- male.Theyrepresent two-thirds of workers.Higher theintensityof working abroadamongvillagers: they attracted6.3% of the rural populationaged 15-70, while the urban population -2.2%.The average age ofmigrantsis lower thanworkers inUkraine- 37years versus40 years.Moreover,maleworkersrelative toyoungerthanmigrantfemale, much of which is inretirementorearlyretirement.
According tothe study,the educational levelof the migrant workerssignificantlylower than inthe employed populationinUkraine. Most migrants, almost two-thirdshave secondary education(amongthe employed populationinUkraineof44.9%). Individualswith highereducation amongworkers15.4%, while among the employedin the country -27.1%, resulting from the bestjob prospectsfor people withhigh educationinUkraine(Fig. 2).
Ph.D.in Public Administration,
Chief Scientistof the National Institutefor Strategic Studies
Kyiv
The democratizationof public lifeafter independence, Ukrainehas openedfor citizensstillheld bythe regimewithin national borders, the outer world.However, theacquisition of the rightto free movementcoincidedin time with thedeep structuraltransformation of the economy, accompanied by fallingliving standards,risingunemployment andunderemployment.As a result ofdegradation offree education andmedicalfeesforthese serviceslaypublic.In the absenceof developedcapital marketsand consumerloans toindividuals whowantedto starta business,start-up capitalneeded. The transitionto a market economyhas created a newconsumerdemand for suchproductsasthe high cost ofhousing, automobiles, appliances, and more. Thishas stimulatedlabor migration, which at the end ofthe 1990shas become amass phenomenonand a sourceof income formany families.Increaseits sizealso contributed tothe factthat the population ofUkrainezaluchylosyainternationalmigration processesduring theirglobalintensification.The demand forforeign laborgrew rapidlyboth in the Westand in the Eastfrom the Ukrainian border, especially in the EUand Russia.
At the initialstage oflabor migrationabroadwasmainlya formof trips toneighboring countriesfor trade. The so-called"boat", ie smalltraderswhoowncarryingsmall consignments, earned on the differencein prices andexchange rates.However, theexperiencegained by themsetfacilitatedthe entry of Ukrainiancitizens ininternational, particularly European labor market.
According tointermediary firmsemploymentabroad,the volume oftheirservicesto citizens of Ukraineare increasing.In 1996,a foreignemployerwere employed11.8thousandcitizens, andin 2008 -80 thousand, almost sevenand a halftimes more.In 2009crisis, the number of employeddecreasedonly slightly-75.3thousand,but alreadyin 2010reachedpre-crisis level-80,4thousand people,gradually increasedin subsequent years(Fig.1).
Number ofUkrainecitizensemployedabroad througha licensedintermediary firmsin theyears1996-2012in thousands
These figures, however, evensomenot reflectthe scaleof working abroadas much of themigrantsworking abroadat their ownrisk andnot statisticallyrecorded.Therefore,the volume ofmigrationdeterminedusingestimates, based on differentsurveys.
The firstlarge-scalesurveyconducted bythe State Statistics Committee, 2001, seized18million peopleof working agein 8regions ofUkraineandmade ??it possible toestimate theamount ofthe thenall-temporary labor migrationin2,3-2,7million,or 10% of the working population.
This generallycoincidewith the estimatesformedby the Ministry ofForeign Affairsfromthe Embassy ofUkraineabroad, according to which migrant workersoutside the statewereup2.5 millionpeople.Simultaneousassessmentof the Ministry ofSocial Policy ofUkraine, based on labor market analysishelped todetermine the amount ofmigrationat about 3million people.
In 2008, theState Statistics Committee ofUkrainewere interviewed22 thousandhouseholds, among which there were48 thousandable-bodiedpeoplethroughoutUkraine. We foundthat duringthe threeyears prior to thesurvey,ie2005-2008,to work abroadat least oncetraveled1.5 millionUkrainian, or 5.1% of the working population.The data, therefore, were less thanthe above, since the testis notcoveredpersonwho wentto work abroaduntil 2005and during2005-2008inUkrainewas neverreturned, except external labor migrationUkrainian, reaching a peakin the early2000s, in the yearswhen the economyhas successfully developedsomewhatreduced.
This confirmedthe secondnationalsurveyof labor migrationconductedby the StateStatistics Service ofUkrainein 2012According to the results, the number of people aged15-70, who on January 1,2010 toJune 17, 2012were workingorlooking for workabroadwas1.2million, or3.4% of the population of age.Amongthe working age populationshare of labor migrantstotaled4.1%.
However,the testis notcovered bythe personwholeft the countryuntil 2010and since then hasnotreturned toUkraine. Therecould notbe covered bythe surveyhousehold members wholeftin full forceabroad.That is, theactual amount oflabor migration fromUkrainelarger thanindicatedtest.
The assessment ofthe volume ofmigrationcan not be seenin isolation from theissueof datacompleteness andprobabilityUkrainianemigrationstatisticsin general, and the definition ofmigration.The factthat the statemigrationstatisticsare essentiallystatisticsresidence registration. Hence,if a personwhen going abroadis notweighedregistration inUkraine, asstatisticallyAuthentication Loginimmigrantshewould not.
On the other hand, it is important to clearly definewho weconsidered to bemigrant workers.Assumingthesepeoplewho leftUkrainewith laborpurposesofregistrationin the countrywent up, but living abroadformore than 10years,alongwith seasonalworkersandpendulummigrantpopulationmay reach4.5millionIf theclassifysuch personsasimmigrantswho are residentoutside thestate, thenumberof migrant workers, ie peoplewho are employedabroad, but not brokenclose tieswith their homelandto be significantlylower.
In anycase,the statisticsaredatafrom sample surveysprovide informationon trendsovermigration processesand theirstructure thanquantitativedata.
In particular, despite the discrepancieson the numberof migrant workers,the sourcesare unanimousthatthe most commonmodel ofUkrainianlabor migrationisshort-term, circular. The averagelength of stayabroad,according to a surveyin 2012,is fivemonths,the average frequency ofvisits- threefor 2.5yearsfollow-up.Shortcirculartripsundertakenprimarilyto neighboringcountries - Poland, Russia, Belarus, Hungary, Czech Republic.Length of stayin other countriesnaturallyhigher.
Despite somefluctuations,remainedthe sameas the distributionof migrantsby region ofrelease: 70% of them are recruitedfromeightinhabitantsof the western regions. In the West,Ukraineparticipating inmigranttrips abroad10.8% of the population aged 15-70. The shareof migrantsin Southrehoinukrayeny- 1.9% in the North- 1.3%, and in the Centre andEast -1%.
Most migrants- male.Theyrepresent two-thirds of workers.Higher theintensityof working abroadamongvillagers: they attracted6.3% of the rural populationaged 15-70, while the urban population -2.2%.The average age ofmigrantsis lower thanworkers inUkraine- 37years versus40 years.Moreover,maleworkersrelative toyoungerthanmigrantfemale, much of which is inretirementorearlyretirement.
According tothe study,the educational levelof the migrant workerssignificantlylower than inthe employed populationinUkraine. Most migrants, almost two-thirdshave secondary education(amongthe employed populationinUkraineof44.9%). Individualswith highereducation amongworkers15.4%, while among the employedin the country -27.1%, resulting from the bestjob prospectsfor people withhigh educationinUkraine(Fig. 2).
The level of educationof migrant workersaccording to theState Statisticssurvey2012.andemployment inUkraine,%
However, it should be noted that thelevel of education ofworkersvaries considerablydepending on thecountry.Thus, among theUkrainianmigrant workersin Germany havegraduatedalmost 90%. Is rather higheducational level ofmigrants inSpain, Hungary- 20%ofhigher educationin Italy -15%.However,in Portugal, the Czech Republic and Russiaaremainlyworkerswith secondary education.A.Malinowska
Beginningprodovzhynnyasee. next
newspaper"Migration"
Beginningprodovzhynnyasee. next
newspaper"Migration"
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